Section Ⅲ Grammar——定语及定语从句
语 境 自 主 领 悟 先观察原句 ①I thought this vast wave of food was the total number of dishes to be served. ②Everyone else just tasted a bit of each dish and then put their chopsticks down，continuing to chat. ③I still remember what I ate：a tuna fish and cheese sandwich. ④Do you know the girl singing over there？ ⑤He is always the first person to leave the office. ⑥One evening he was entertaining the ruler of a small island in the Pacific. ⑦However，there are other kinds of foods that have taken longer for me to accept. ⑧But one thing I do admire is the polite manner in which British people eat，even if it is just a potato. ⑨As we all know，Putin was elected President of Russia a third time. ⑩The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us.
考点一 定语 1．单词作定语的位置
英语中单的形容词、数词、代词、普通格名词、分词、动名词和所有格等作定语(attribute)时，通常放在被修饰的词之前。
a stone building一座石头砌的建筑物 faded flowers枯萎的花 boiling water开着的水 boiled water开水 a gone case不可挽救的事 John's house约翰的房子 the risen sun升起的太阳
1.句①～⑥中黑体部分在句中均作定语。句①③中黑体部分在句中均作前置定语。句②、④、⑤、⑥中黑体部分在句中均作后置定语。 2.句⑦～⑩中，黑体部分均为定语从句；其中句⑨⑩的黑体部分为非性定语从句。 后自主感悟
the changed world已经变化了的世界 the changing world正在变化中的世界 2．短语作定语的位置
英语中的分词短语(participial phrase)、不定式短语(infinitive phrase)、介词短语(prepositional phrase)、形容词短语(adjective phrase)和长度短语(length phrase)等，通常放在所修饰的词之后。
He had made a thorough study of all the dialects spoken in Scotland. 他对苏格兰所有的方言都做了透彻的研究。
The woman holding a baby in her arms is waiting to see the doctor. 那个抱着婴儿的妇女正等着医生看病。 It was a bolt from the blue. 这真是个晴天霹雳。
On the top of the hill there is a pagoda about a hundred feet high. 在山顶上有一座十丈高的宝塔。
This may not be the best book to start with. 一开始就读这本书不一定最合适。 3．多个单词作定语的排列次序
英语中两个或两个以上的单词作定语放在中心词前共同修饰一个名词，其基本次序是由小范围到大范围，由次要意义到主要意义，由程度弱到程度强，由一般到专有。意思越具体，物质性越强，就越接近名词。
限定词＋数量词(序数词在前，基数词在后)＋描绘词＋大小、长短、高低等形体＋新旧＋颜色＋国籍＋材料＋名词
the advanced foreign experience外国的先进经验 the ancient Chinese writer中国古代的作家 the three Japanese cities三座日本城市 a small round wooden table一张木头小圆桌 a young American artist一位年轻的美国艺术家 a nice little old black Japanese leather bag 一个小的漂亮的黑色的日本旧皮包 a lonely white sail一面白色孤帆 a round chalkwhite face灰白的圆脸 a high steep mountain陡峭的高山
a nice long new black British plastic pen 一支好看的长长的崭新的黑色的英国塑料钢笔
[即时演练1] 画出下列句子中的定语部分 ①You're a real fool if you believe it.
②They played an important football match against Liverpool last Sunday. ③My hair needs cutting.
④There's only one way to solve it．
⑤The two rooms upstairs are my sister's bedrooms. 考点二 定语从句
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天看见的那个人。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
The package (which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
考点三 定语从句需注意的几个问题 1．只用关系代词that不用which的情况 (1)当先行词是不定代词或被不定代词所修饰时
All that he wants to do now is to lie down and rest.他现在想做的事情就是躺下休息。
(2)当先行词有the only，the very，just the修饰时 This is the very person that I'm waiting for. 这正是我要等的人。
(3)当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时或本身是序数词或最高级时 This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 (4)先行词既有人又有物时
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他们正谈论的那些人和事吗？
(5)在who和which引导的特殊疑问句中 Which is the pen that you lost? 哪支钢笔是你丢的呢？
(6)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词又在从句中作表语时
My hometown is no longer the city that it used to be.我的家乡不再是过去的样子了。
2．只用which不用that的情况 (1)在非性定语从句中只用which。
(2)当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，但在固定搭配中，不能把介词提前。 This is the factory in which he once worked. 这是他曾经工作过的工厂。
This machine，which I have looked after for twenty years，is still working perfectly.
这部机器，我保养了二十年，仍然运转得非常好。
3．as和which指整个主句的内容，引导非性定语从句的区别
as引导的定语从句可以位于句首、句中或句末，which引导的定语从句一般只位于句末；as引导的定语从句常与know，see，report，say，expect，announce等动词连用，并且as在定语从句中可作主语或宾语，可修饰先行词such或the same所修饰的名词；which引导这类定语从句时常作实义动词的主语。当引导的从句与主句之间含有并列关系或因果关系时，一般用which。
As we all know，smoking is harmful to one's health. 我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。
Tom did not pass the exam，which made his mother very angry. 汤姆没有通过考试，这令他的妈妈很生气。 [即时演练2] 单句语法填空
①The meeting was put off，which was exactly what we had expected. ②I'd like to know the reason that/which he explained. ③I'll never forget the days that/which we spent together. ④This is the best film that I have seen. ⑤He passed the exam，as we had expected.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Many young people，most of whom were welleducated，headed for remote regions
to chase their dreams.
2．I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise. 3．This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 4．I'll never forget the days when we studied in Beijing. 5．I'll never forget the days which/that I spent with you.
6．Do you still remember the farm which/that we visited three months ago? 7．—Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Yes，just the one where I used to work for twenty years.
8．Jim passed the driving test，which surprised everybody in the office. 9．Is this the reason that/which he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
10．The organization was founded by the two boys，whose parents are both investors. Ⅱ.完成句子
1．秋天有很多落叶。
There are lots of fallen leaves in autumn. 2．我有很多信要写。
I have many letters to write． 3．树下那个男孩是我的弟弟。
The boy under the tree is my brother. 4．早晨升起的太阳比中午的太阳看起来更大些。
The rising sun in the early morning looks bigger than the one at noon. 5．明天举行的会议非常重要。
The meeting to be held/which will be held tomorrow is very important.
