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英文字母及组合发音规律

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实用标准

常见的字母与字母组合发音规则 (I)

元音字母及元音字母组合拼读规则 元音字母的发音 (一) 元音字母a

1. 重读开音节 [ei] paper ; late ; make ; lake ; face 2. 重读闭音节 [æ] bag ; fat ; cat ; ladder ; mass (*例外:any一些[e] ;many许多[e])

3. 非重读音节 [ə]或[i]

即:[ə]—— ago ; along ; among ; above ; aloud

[i]—— comrade ; village ; manager ; palace ; private ;necklace

*连续相同的辅音(字母),一般只发一个音,而且归属后一个音节段。如上的ladder,village .

4.在字母w或wh后面 ,发[ɔ] was ; wash ; what ; want ; (*例外:water水[ɔ:])

5.a在诸如-ance;-ask;-ass;-ast;-ath组合里,重读时均发[a:] 即:dance ;France ; chance ask ;mask ;task ;basket

class ;grass ;glass ;pass ;——(*例外:mass[æ]) fast ;cast ;past ;last ;master ;

father ;path ;bath ;——(*例外:maths[æ])

(二)元音字母e

1.重读开音节 [i:] me ;he ;she ;these ;evening 2.重读闭音节 [e] hen ;get ; set ;tell ; echo

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实用标准

3.非重读音节 [i] useless ;ticket ;basket ;pocket ;before ;below ; (三)元音字母i或y

1.重读开音节 [ai] China ; try ; my ; hi ; time ; guide; 2.重读闭音节 [i] sit ; hit ; ill ; little ; system ; 3.非重读音节 [i] unit ;study (四)元音字母o

1.重读开音节 [əu] no ; so ; go ; home ; photo ; 2.重读闭音节 [ɔ] not ; hot ; box ; fox ; cock ; cost ; 3.非重读音节 [ə] purpose ; concern 4.o在字母m,n,v或th之前,均发[ʌ] son ; month ; come ; ton ; (*例外:Tom[ɔ]) love ; dove ; glove ; above ; another mother ; brother ; become ; some

5.两个单词:woman[‘wu-mən]女人(单数) ; women[(五)元音字母u

1.重读开音节 [ju:] pupil ; student ; use ; cube 2.重读闭音节 [ʌ]或[u]

即:[ʌ]——cut ; luck ; umbrella ; us [u]——put ; full ; pull

4. 非重读音节 [ə] autumn ;August ; support

●元音字母组合的拼读规则

(一)元音字母a的字母组合

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wi-min]女人(复数)‘

实用标准

1.ai或ay在重读音节中 [ei] rain ; train ; brain ; pain day ; may ; play ; stay ; lay

*ay在非重读音里[i]或[ei] Sunday ; Monday ; Tuesday ; Thursday ; Friday 2.al+绝大多数辅音字母 [ɔ:] small ; wall ; call ; talk ; walk ;chalk 3.或[ɔ: l] also ; always *al后面是k时,只发[ɔ:]

al+f或m时,al发[a:] half ; calm

-al在词尾非重读[(ə)l] medal ; metal ; (例外canal运河,重音在后[æl]) 3.-ance在重读时[a: ns] chance ; dance ; France

在非重读时[əns] importance ;performance ;ambulance 4.-ant非重读[ənt] assistant ; important ;peasant 5.-ange一般[eindʒ] change ; danger ; strange ;(*但orange [indʒ]) 6.-age 一般[idʒ] village ; carriage ; marriage 7.-ask一般重读时[a: sk] ask ; mask ; task ;basket

8.-ass一般重读时[a: s] class ; glass ; grass ; pass ; (*但mass[æ]) 9.-ast一般重读时[a: st] last ; past ; fast ; cast -aste一般[eist] waste ; paste ; taste 10.-ath一般[a: θ] bath ; path ; (*但maths[æθ]) 或[a: ð] father ; rather ; (*但gather[æð])

11.-au一般[ɔ:] cause ; autumn ;August ; (*但because[ɔ]) -augh(t) [ɔ: (t)] caught ; taught ; daughter (*例外:laugh[l a: f]) 12.-aw [ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law ; awful

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13.a在字母w或wh后面,a发[ɔ] was ; wash ; want ; what ; (*但water[ɔ:])

14.-ar 重读音时[a:] party ; car ; farm ; army ; yard ; hard ; star 在字母w或音[w]后面时 [ɔ:] war ; warm ; warn ;towards ; *quarter 在非重读音时[-ə] beggar ; dollar ; solar 15.-are一般[-εə] hare ; bare ; dare ; stare ; rare ; care ; parent 16.-air一般[-εə] chair ; fair ; hair ; pair ; stair ; repair 17.-able 一般[eibl] able ; cable ; table ; stable

(二)元音字母e的组合

1.-ea重读音节有四个音,分别是下列:

-ea[i:] team ; meat ; lead ; teach ; read ; mean ; please ; steal -ea[e] threat ; bread ; meant ; read(过去式和过去分词) ; peasant -ea[iə] real ; really -ea[ei] great ; break

2.-ee[i:] feel ; week ; keep ; three ; steel ; street ; sweep ; see *但是一个例外:coffee[i]

3.-eer[iə] deer ; pioneer ; engineer ; volunteer 4.-er重读音节[ə:] her ; term ; service ; Germany 非重读[ə] worker ; paper ; western ; teacher 特殊读法[a:] clerk 5.-ere [iə] here ; mere -ere 或者发[εə] there ; where

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实用标准

6.-ear 有三种音,分别是:

-ear [iə] ear ; dear ; near ; clear ; tear (n.) ; beard -ear [ə:] early ; earth ; learn ; heard -ear [a:] heart

* tear作为动词时,发[εə] 7.-ei [ei] eight ; weigh ; weight -ei [ai] height -ei [i:] receive

8.-ey重读[ei] they ; hey ; survey -ey重读[i:] key

-ey非重读[i] monkey ; donkey ; valley ; volleyball *-et非重读[it] pocket ; ticket ; rocket 9.-ew 一般[ju:] new ; few ; knew -ew 或者发[u:] grew ; threw -ew还可以发[əu] sew 10.-ege [idʒ] college 11.-est [i s t] biggest ; modest ; happiest; 12.词尾的-ed在浊音后[d] lived ; studied -ed在清音后[t] worked ; finished -ed在字母t或d后[id] wanted ; needed

(三)元音字母i或y的组合

1.-ie在重读音节中,或在辅音字母前,发[i:] field ; piece ; achieve

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实用标准

-ie在词尾[ai] lie ; die ; tie

2.-igh(t)在重读音节[ai(t)] high ; night ; light ; bright 3.-ir在重读音节[ə:] girl ; firm ; circle ; first ; third 4.-ire在重读音节[‘aiə] fire ; tired ; hire ; retired ; wire 5.-ild [aild] child ; wild 6.-ind [aind] find ; kind ; mind ; wind ; (*但window[ind]) 7.-ing [iŋ] king ; wing ; sing ; doing ; making

8.-(a)tion [(ei) ʃn] nation ; pronunciation ; information ;composition -stion [tʃn] question

-sion [ʃn]或[ʒn] mission使命 ; precision精密 9.-ye在词尾[ai] good-bye ; bye-bye 10.-ist[i s t] list ; fist ;

(四)元音字母o的组合

1.-oa在重音时[əu] boat ; coat ; road ; goat ; toad -oar在重音时[ɔ:] blackboard ; aboard 2.-oi,-oy在重音时[ɔi] boiler ; point ; join ; oil boy ; toy ; joy ; loyal

3.-oo一般[u:] soon ; too ; zoo ; room ; noon ; food ; mood ; boot ; moon *单词room和其他名词构成合成词时,常发短音。如classroom[u]…等等。 在字母k或有时在t,d之前时[u] cook ; look ; book ; took ; foot ; good ;

4.-or在重音时[ɔ:] for ; horse ; important ; morning ; born -or在字母w后面[ə:] work ; word ; world ; worse ; worth

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(*但是wore ,worn例外,均发[ɔ:])

-or在非重音时[ə] monitor ; doctor ; professor ; forget ;

forwards ; forgive ; conductor

5.-oar一般[ɔ:] board ; aboard; blackboard

6.-oor一般[ɔ:]或在美式英语里发[ɔ ə] door ; floor -oor 还发[uə] poor 7.-ore在重音时[ɔ:] snore ; more ; before ; foreign; forest 8.-ou一般[au] shout ; loud ; round ; found -ou还发[ʌ] country ; countryside ;trouble -ou 还发[u:] wound ; wounded

9.-ough(t)发[ɔ:( t)] ought ; brought ; bought ; fought ; thought (*例外:cough[k ɔ f]) 10.-oe[əu] toe ; hoe ; Joe

11.-old[əu l d] old ; hold ; cold ; told

12.-ost[əu s t] post ; most ; host ; ghost (*例外cost[ɔ s t]) 13.-our在重音时[au] sour ; our ; hour ; 还发[ɔ:] four ; course ; pour 还发[uə] tour ; gourd

-our 在词尾(非重音)[ ə] colour ; neighbour ; favourite 14.-ow在重音时[au] now ; cow ; down ; how ; town

-ow在重音或非重音中[əu] low ; yellow ; below ; follow ; grow tomorrow ; window ; widow ; know ; show

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实用标准

(五)元音字母u的组合

1.-u在字母ll或sh之前,或者在字母b,p或f之后,均发[u] 如:full ; bull ; pull ; push ; bush

字母l,r或j+u构成的开音节,u发[u:] rule ; true ; blue ; June ....2.-ue在词尾[ju:] argue ; continue 3.-ui在字母j或r后面时,发[u:] fruit ; juice -ui在字母b或g后面,或者紧接重音节后面的一个音节时发[i] .......

如: build ; guilty ; biscuit

(*即就是说字母u不发音) 4.-ur在重音时[ə:] turn ; return ; Thursday ; nurse ; purse 在非重音时[ə] surprise ; Saturday -ure在重音时[(j) uə] pure[juə] ; manure[juə] ; sure[uə] ..

- ture发[tʃə] picture ; future ; mixture

(II) ●辅音字母及辅音字母组合的拼读规则

辅音字母一般都发字母本身音,只有一些是特殊的,下面试列举如下: 1.b在一般情况下[b] back ; big ; lab ; brother

b和u在一起,u常发[i] building; build ; busy -bt一般[t] debt ; doubt

2.c在字母e,i或y前面时[s] city ; Bruce ; juice ; bicycle ;face ; central

c在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[k] cup ; cold ; cattle ; duck ; bicycle ; cap ; cut ; class ;

c在词尾时也发[k],但后面有e,那还发[s] gymnastic[k] ; music[k]

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grace[s] ; Bruce[s] -cc在元音字母a,o,u和辅音字母之前[k] occasion ; according ; occupy ; acclaim

在元音字母e和i之前[ks] accent ; success -ci有时发[ʃ] social -ch 有三种音[tʃ][ k]或[ʃ] 如下: [tʃ] China ; rich ; chick ; chalk

[k] school ; chemist ; chemistry ; chemical ; ache ; technology [ʃ] machine ; parachute ; moustache -tch[tʃ] catch ; match ; fetch ; hatch ; butcher -ck[k] duck ; luck ; ticket ; pocket ; black ; cock

3.d在一般情况下[d] did ; made ; desk ; duck ; doubt ; damage -ds发[dz] birds ; hands

dr在元音字母前[dr] dry ; dress ; driver ; drill -dge一般[dʒ] bridge ; fridge ; judge ; edge 4.f在一般情况下[f] five ; flag ; life ; leaf 5.g在字母e,i或y前面[dʒ] large ; general ; gymnastics ; age ; energy *例外:give ; forgive ; get ; forget等,g都发[g]

在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[g] goat ; game ; guard ; ghost ; glass 在词尾也发[g] big ; egg ; fig ; flag -gn[n],即g不发音 foreign ; sign ; gnaw -gh发[f]或[-](*既不发音) [-] high ; thought ; light ; brought [f] laugh ; cough

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实用标准

-dge发[dʒ] bridge ; knowledge ; judge

*gue-,gua-和gui-在词首时一般u都不发音 guess ; guest ; guard ; guide 而-gue在词尾发[g] league ; colleague

6.h在一般情况下[h] help ; behave ; hello ; hit ; hurry

h在字母r或x后面不发音 rhino ; exhibition 7.j在一般情况下[dʒ] joy ; judge ; injure ; journey ; January ; jar ; just 8.k在一般情况下[k] king ; milk ; kick ; kiss ; lock ; knock

k后面是n时,k不发音,即kn发[n] knock ; knee ; know ; knowledge ; knife 9.l在元音字母前发[l](*即“勒”音,供参考) light ;look ; let ; lab ; live

l在辅音字母或词尾时发[l](*即“尔”音,供参考) cold ;sell ; chalk 10.m在一般情况下[m] meet ; meat ; mother ; come ; make ; Tom m后面是b时,b不发音,即-mb发[m] comb ; tomb ; climb ; bomber 11.n在一般情况下[n] in ; now ; next ; ton ; nest

n在m后面时,n常不发音,即-mn发[m] autumn ; column

但后面有后缀或构成合成词,则n还要发音的 autumnal ; columnist -ng常发[ŋ]或[ŋg] 发[ŋ] sing ; king ; English ;young 发 [ŋg] finger ;younger ; language

-nk常发[ŋk] bank ; sink ; sank ; sunk ; ink ; thank 12.p在一般情况下[p] map ; cap ; people ; pest

-ph[f] photo ; phantom ; philosophy ; physics ; phrase 13.que在一般情况下[k] unique ; cheque qu一般发[k w] quarter ; quick ; quilt ; quiet ; quite ; queen 14.r在元音字母前才发音[r](*即音同“略”供参考) room ;read ; rest ; around

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r在辅音字母或词尾前,一般不发音 car ; star ; jar rh在元音字母前只发[r] rhyme ; rhino ; rhetoric

15.s在词首和词尾、清辅音之前或之后,或者在词尾同时在短元音之后,一般发[s]

如:see ; some ; set ; sister ; works ; lips ; newspaper ; yes ; this

注:一条发音习惯,欧美人在发[s]音后面的清辅音时,习惯上把该清辅音发成相对应的浊辅音(而书写音标的时候,还是写成清辅音),试举例如下: 如:school---音标[s k u: l],而习惯念成[s g u: l]

street---音标[s tr i: t],而习惯念成[s dr i: t]

stubborn---音标[‘s t ʌ b n],而习惯念成[‘s d ʌ b n]

student---音标[‘s t j u: d ə n t],而习惯念成[‘s d j u: d ə n t] space---音标[s p ei s],而习惯念成[s b ei s] steal---音标[s t i: l],而习惯念成[s d i: l]

就是这样,像这样的单词还有很多。这里只列举这么多了。 s在两个元音之间或者在浊辅音和元音之间时,发[z]

如:these ; nose ; lose ; rise ; wisdom ; observe

词尾的在浊辅音或元音之后(即在浊音之后),发[z] ...s. 如:pigs ; plays ; flags ; eggs ; toys ; boys 词尾的在长元音之后,发[z] hers ; yours ...s. s还可以发[ʃ] sure ; Russia

-sh一般发[ʃ] sheep ; ship ; wish ; show ; shift ; fish -sch一般情况下[s k] school ; scheme(计划) -sion一般情况下[ʃ n] tension ; succession 在元音字母后[ʒ n] decision ; conclusion

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-sure在元音字母后[ʒ ə] measure ; pleasure 16. t在一般情况下[t] tooth ; cat ; teach ; tool ; hit

cut ; let ; ten ; table ; taste ;

-th一般发[θ]或[ð],即发[θ] thin ; tooth ; youth ; think ; thigh 发[ð] that ; with ; this ; these ; those -tr[tr] try ; trust ; trip ; trouble ; tree ; street -tion[ʃ n]information ; organization ; pronunciation ; production (*一个例外:question[tʃ n]) -ture[tʃ ə] picture ; mixture ; future

17.v在一般情况下[v] very ; live ; vehicle ; vase ; valley ; village

18.w在元音字母之前[w] wear ; window ; widow ; week ; weak ; wisdom wr[r] write ; wrong ; wrist ; written wh[h] who ; whom ; whose ; whole wh[w] what ; which ; when ; where ; why aw[ɔ:] draw ; saw ; law ; lawyer ; awful ew[j u:] few ; threw ; grew ; knew ; new ow[əu] own ; owner ; low ; slow ; know ; below ow[au] now ; cow ; crown

19.x在一般情况下[ks] box ; fox ; next ; textile

位于元音字母之前且重音落在后一个音节上时,发[gz] exam ; exist ; anxiety 20.y在元音字母之前[j] you ; youth ; yes ; young 21.z在一般情况下[z] zoo ; quiz ; zebra ; zero ; zipper

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